[1] Sharkey J, Cantor A, Solc Z, Huff W, Chovnick SD, Behar RJ, Perez R, Otheguy J, Rabinowitz R. Palladium-103 Brachytherapy versus Radical Prostatectomy in Patients with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: A 12-Year Experience from a Single Group Practice. Brachytherapy. 2005;4:34-44.

[2] Sharkey J, Cantor A, Solc Z, Huff W, Chovnick SD, Behar RJ, Perez R, Otheguy J, Rabinowitz R. Brachytherapy versus radical prostatectomy in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. Current Urology Reports. 2002;3:250-257.

[3] The most commonly reported side effects of prostate brachytherapy are short-term urinary or obstructive symptoms within the first few weeks after the implant procedure.

[4] Peschel RE, Chen Z, Roberts K, Nath R. Long-term complications with prostate implants: iodine-125 vs. palladium-103. Radiation Oncology Investigations. 1999;7(5):278-288.

[5] Peschel RE, Colberg JW. Surgery, brachytherapy, and external-beam radiotherapy for early prostate cancer. Lancet Oncology. 2003;4:233-241.

[6] Potosky AL, Legler J, Albertsen PC, Stanford JL, Gilliland FD, Hamilton AS, Eley JW, Stephenson RA, Harlan LC. Health outcomes after prostatectomy or radiotherapy for prostate cancer: results from the prostate cancer outcomes study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2000;92(19):1582-1592.

[7] The estimated rate of incontinence with brachytherapy is less than 1 percent in the absence of a prior transurethral resection of the prostate, and less than 5 percent with a prior resection. (Ibid #2 above)

[8] The incidence of impotence is estimated to be 10 percent to 15 percent depending on preoperative potency, when this information was available. (Ibid #2 above)

[9] Kupelian PA, Potters L, Khuntia D, Ciezki JP, Reddy CA, Reuther AM, Carlson TP, Klein EA. Radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy <72 Gy, external beam radiotherapy = 72 Gy, permanent seed implantation, or combined seeds/external beam radiotherapy for stage T1-T2 prostate cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology – Physics. 2004;58(1):25-33.

[10] Long JP, Bahn D, Lee F, Shinohara K, Chinn DO, Macaluso JN Jr. Five-year retrospective, multi-institutional pooled analysis of cancer-related outcomes after cryosurgical ablation of the prostate. Urology. 2001Mar;57(3):518-523.

[11] Gilliland FD, Hoffman RM, Hamilton A, Albertsen P, Eley JW, Harlan L, Stanford JL, Hunt WC, Potosky A. Predicting extracapsular extension of prostate cancer in men treated with radical prostatectomy: results from the population based prostate cancer outcomes study. Journal of Urology. 1999;162:1341-1345.)

[12] Wallner K, Merrick G, True L, Cavanagh W, Simpson C, Butler W. I-125 versus Pd-103 for Low-Risk Prostate Cancer: Morbidity Outcomes from a Prospective Randomized Multicenter Trial. The Cancer Journal. 2002;8(1):67-73.

[13] Merrick GS, Wallner KE, Butler WM. Permanent Interstitial Brachytherapy for the Management of Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland. The Journal of Urology. 2003;May;169:1643-1652.